Now got more clear infos:
Water-meter will use some NFC-like technique where they can drive through the streets once a year and read out the counters going or driving by.
They have a battery for many years inside. This technology might be used for gas as well I think.
Electrical-meters use PLC (dLAN/PowerLAN variant) over the line to send data from one meter to the next to their base station.
But this doesnt work very well and then they send over GSM or NB-IoT, maybe this will be changed to LTE CAT-M in future.
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