I did run tests and usually I was +2 ms on waveform. Now I was able to get +0 ms on waveform so seems like something did change.
That is interesting that +2 did change to +0, Waveform uses very small packets for actual line speed (synch rate) testing so this maybe why the results improved also.
Great to see the maths on this and as you say, only effects very small packets, for any one else reading this thread, next item to consider is Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 
thoughts:
So the 80 MPU includes 4 bits for VLAN ID/tag also which is handled by your DSL-AX82U ?
Given the value for MPU was 80 for your given scenario (DSL Modem Router combo – PPPoE – VLAN ID) given Cake usage is more commonly used on Routers (not modem router combo’s) what’s your thoughts that for the MPU value for routers with similar scenario as above i.e. 80 (Your Original MPU) -4 (VLAN ID/tag) = 76 ? (router does not manage VLAN ID/tag (separate ‘bridged’ modem does) ?
Edit: read below for final thoughts on MPU
In a completely sane world, madness is the only freedom (J.G.Ballard).
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